What You Can Do About High School Research Paper Example Beginning in the Next 3 Minutes

What You Can Do About High School Research Paper Example Beginning in the Next 3 Minutes Sample research paper may arrive in handy as you are writing your own assignment. You can opt to get an essay at Essays-Writer. Superior essays expect a thesis, support, and strong conclusion. In the event that you were fortunate enough to compose your college essay or research paper, you may want to edit it until shiny. High school essay writing is a frequent classroom activity and is also part of several normal examinations. Writing college research papers is an extremely challenging endeavor for the majority of students. Students should use many sources when writing research papers. While sometimes the student can select from a list of suggested topics, he might also be permitted to choose one of his own. A considerable introduction is one which tells the readers what the composition is about. Regardless of what level you're in your academic career you can and is going to be an excellent essay writer if you adopt a system of practicing more frequently. You have to make sure the information on your research paper is organized, in order for your readers won't have any trouble reading. A fantastic high school research paper example will be simple to spot. Avoid utilizing the online free reference websites or essay writing services unless you are quite sure at of the quality they supply. Put simply, you ought to be a versatile writer in order to deal with the task along with flawless grammar and the capability to deliver plagiarism free content. The job of writing an essay occasionally be hectic since there is an assortment of elements which you must indicate including the style to use, the title page, the work cited part and the total editing and proofreading. First things first, You will want to choose what sort of information to have in your disclaimer. Unfortunately for some, it turns into an addiction that affects them for the remainder of their lives. So, the majority of them have to soak up all of the pain of their heartbreaks. Since you may see, plenty of distinct reasons may force high-school students to elect for online writing companies. Paper is an enjoyable period in life, because teenagers haven't any feeling of research aside from studying. A lot of people today would be hard-pressed to understand how to compose a research paper considering they don't know the best places to start. Regrettably, it's also when folks experience their initial breakups and it's devastating. It also helps to ensure that the last work is absolutely free from any flaws and errors. MLA works cited generator also can help to conserve time and energy. In the event you require a few changes in the completed paper, don't be afraid to speak to the writing team, who will execute the vital changes until you're completely pleased with your work. Do that while you have sufficient time before submitting the paper to your professor, so the writers have sufficient time to finish this task for you as well as for you to be in a position to request of any probable corrections if they're needed. The One Thing to Do for High School Research Pape r Example Be quick to satisfy our English research paper topics for high school so you'll finish your paper punctually. High school research paper is the simplest among the other forms of papers. Make certain that the research paper example that you're trying to find is in your field of study. Before writing a research paper, an individual can refer to an excellent case of a research paper research. The common structure of a paper is composed of an introduction, the body, and a conclusion. There's no one to properly guide them on how best to write research paper examples, and this also results in frustration. During this procedure, you must sift what's nice and relevant from what is irrelevant to your term paper. A reference paper would be a complicated paper and in the event you cannot get to these sources, your research path could have a twist. Most Noticeable High School Research Paper Example By asking your tutor you will be provided work that has probably been annotated so you'll be in a position to judge the caliber of the job. You should also guarantee that you don't just conduct appropriate research but in addition provide that you've edited and proofread your work before you submit it. A good research paper help company has an exceptional reputation for providing its customers with good high quality research paper example help at inexpensive prices. There are re spective companies offering research paper writing services. It's possible to even start looking for articles that sport the exact topic to be utilized in your undertaking. Narrowing your topic to make your thesis statement takes a small amount of research and thought. The subject might not be controversial, but you have to make an effort to persuade your audience your ideas have merit. Your research pursuit does not need to have to be hard if you understand what you're doing.

The Controversy Of Police Brutality - 2866 Words

I. Introduction In recent years and in light of recent tragedies, police actions, specifically police brutality, has come into view of a large, public and rather critical eye. The power to take life rests in the final stage of the criminal justice system. However, the controversy lies where due process does not. While the use of deadly force is defined and limited by departmental policies, it remains an act guided chiefly by the judgment of individual officers in pressure situations. (Goldkamp 1976, 169). Many current studies have emphasized the racial disparities in minority deaths, primarily black Americans, killed by police through means of deadly force. The history of occurrences reveals the forlorn truth that police reforms only receive attention in wake of highly publicized episodes of police misconduct. The notorious 1992 Los Angeles riots brought the matter to mass public attention and prompted improved law enforcement policy. Significant local reforms resulted, for instance, ending the poli cy of lifetime terms for police chiefs. Additionally, on a broader platform, in 1994, Congress approved provisions to the Crime Control Act in effort to tackle police abuse in a more structured way. Unfortunately, today these account for mostly failed attempts. More than two decades later and with a growing number of incidents, the fatal shooting of teenager Michael Brown by a police officer in Ferguson, Missouri, has elicited a new and essential call for reform. ImprovedShow MoreRelatedThe Confederate Flag Controversy Of Police Brutality1574 Words   |  7 PagesIn modern times, the United States is bombarded with racism and discrimination. From the confederate flag controversy to police brutality, the United States is reflecting a morbid past. Events such as these are fueled by false understandings of race and ethnicity; leading to stereotypes. For the Irish, Jews, and Italians, stereotypes led to severe discrimination from opportunities and isolation from society. Stereotypes in the past had a significant impact on the Irish people. Stereotypes such asRead MorePolice Brutality Is Publicized All Around The World On All Types Of Media1521 Words   |  7 PagesMatthew Gumbert Period 7 5/1/2015 Police Brutality Police brutality is publicized all around the world on all types of media. Some people don’t believe that it occurs and some are extremely against how the police take action against people. Events such as the Mike Brown case add to the fire of this upsetting topic.There is controversy over many of these cases. Especially when the case involves a conflict between a white and black man. The nation needs to be better about determining the fate of someoneRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police1281 Words   |  6 Pages Police brutality is a very controversial topic in America. Some people think that the police are protecting their community and are doing whatever it takes to keep them safe. On the other hand, a lot of Americans feel that the police are choosy, prejudice, and overall just unfair. Personally, I think it depends on the situation at hand. I have read up on some cases that I felt that the police took advantage of their powers. I have also read a couple of situations where I felt that their actionsRead MorePolice Brutality Is An Act Of Aggression And Unnecessary Force1571 Words   |  7 Pagesestimate annual cost of police misconduct to taxpayers is 1.8 trillion dollars (Wing 2015)? Police brutality is an act of aggression and unnecessary force to handle a situation, most cases in physical form. It also plays a role in ethnicity, not all, but most police officers are still racial profiling. This controversy has been an issue of the U.S criminal justice system for decades, especially among minorities. In 2015, a record 1,207 people were killed by American police, making us the only nationRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police Essay940 Words   |  4 Pages Police brutality refers to the use of excessive force against a civilian. The controversies that surround the topic of police brutality relate to different definitions and expectations over what is meant by excessive force. Indeed, police officers are expressly authorized to use necessary, reasonable force to perform their duties. As Jerome Skolnick, an influential police scholar in the United States, underscores: â€Å"as long as members of society do not comply with the law and resist the police, forceRead MoreRacism And Police Brutality Today By Cassandra Chaney And Ray V. Robertson1481 Words   |  6 PagesMy first scholarly article that I read was Racism and Police Brutality in America by Cassandra Chaney and Ray V. Robertson. The article begins by highlighting the beating of Rodney King in 1992. Police brutality has gone on for a long time, and with the help of technology it has finally been brought to the light. In 1992, four white police officers beat an African American ma n named Rodney King. The events were caught on camera and were aired that night by a local TV station in Los Angeles. In theRead MoreRion Amalcar Scotts The Etiquette Of Police Brutality1389 Words   |  6 Pagesonly use force in response to the situation they are in. Day to day Police men and women have to make difficult choices. The decisions they make often lead to controversy. Two sides are then created. On one side, there are people that believe police are bullies that do as they wish; the other side believes officers act as they see fit and do the best they can to keep the public out of harms way. â€Å"The Etiquette of Police Brutality† by Rion Amalcar Scott represents the first view and David G. Bolgiano’sRead MoreThe National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1425 Words   |  6 Pagesand the surrounding community. They discuss issues surrounding the black community and bring about different ways to help alleviate the pressures the black commu nity faces. A main issue facing the black community throughout the United States is police brutality and the exploitations of the innocent young, black men with the use of violence. I will be observing how they interact with one another. This group of people rely on each other to brainstorm ideas and to participate in order to receive theRead MoreLack Of Knowledge On Law Enforcement Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesthe police, it might seem nice at first, however the police are the ones who defends the public every day. If there were no police, people would be at constant war with others. Laws are made to protect everyone, and if no one was there to enforce the laws, theft, murder, assault, and more would happen on a daily basis. Without laws, the looting, assault, and vandalism we see in riots would be a daily occurrence. Controversy after controversy, the public is quickly losing trust in their police forcesRead MorePolice Brutality Reflects Negatively On Society1161 Words   |  5 PagesNaJee Hull-Goings Mrs. Fritz English 12 7 March 2017 Police Brutality The increase in police brutality reflects negatively on society. Police officers should maintain charges when they abuse their power of authority. Police brutality mostly happens to young, small, and poor kids in the streets that do not live in a home with their biological family (Berezina 2). Police treat young street adults as if they do not know how to act. Police brutality appears to be rampant because of racism, lack of training

Effects of Birth Control on Womens Lives free essay sample

The Effects of Birth Control on Women’s Lives On May 9, 1960, the Food and Drug Administration approved a drug that would revolutionize women’s lives. The life changing drug was an oral contraceptive, commonly known as â€Å"the Pill,† that would prevent pregnancy if taken correctly. Several other birth-control methods have been developed in the past ten years that are just as effective. Birth control has had effects on women’s mental, physical and social lives since its debut in the United States fifty years ago. One of the most researched drugs is the birth control pill. A great deal of information has arisen to improve the drug but there is one aspect that has not been studied as thoroughly, its effect on mood. The least publicized mental effect of the pill is that many women developed depression, until recently. There has not been any direct proof to back up the statement that hormonal contraceptives are the cause. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Birth Control on Womens Lives or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Enovid, the first birth control on the market in the 1960’s, acknowledged in their packaging that there were cases where psychic depression occurred, but also declared that the relationship between the two were not clear. This is the only identified mental side effect that is thought to be associated with birth control. There are several physical effects that birth control has on women’s lives. The medical side-effects are commonly known because of commercials. These side effects include nausea, headaches and possible blood clots. The pill not only prevented pregnancy but it also relieved painful menstrual problems like cramps and migraine and also helped with acne. Some other side-effects from the pill were altered sex drives and sex lives and unplanned pregnancies were lowered. The most questioned is the alteration of sexual urges. Some research shows that it can increase a woman’s sexual urge and others have revealed opposite results. Many factors are involved in sexual desires besides a hormonal contraceptive such as a woman’s age, stress and the culture in which she grew up. One effect that is solid is the lowered likelihood of unplanned pregnancies. When used correctly the pill is almost one hundred percent effective. Other methods are not as effective. Perhaps one of the most liberating side-effects of birth control is its effects on a woman’s social life. Birth control has done more for woman than imaginable. The pill has let women escape poverty, increase their earning potential and limit family size. Each of these let a woman be in control of her life. By being on the pill women are able to get a better education and a higher-paying occupation. With women postponing having children they give themselves time to be financially secure and not end up in poverty. The pill also helps with limiting family size. It let women be the one in charge of the amount of children they had and when they had them. From depression, libido and financial security the pill has a wide array of side-effects on women’s lives. Since its debut fifty years ago the pill, and other variations, is still impacting society in a mostly positive way and helping prevent over population and unwanted pregnancies. What more can a woman ask for?

Short Story Comparison- A&P And An Ounce Of Cure Essays

Short Story Comparison- A&P And An Ounce Of Cure If a reader is given two short stories, two stories that are seemingly different on the surface, to read and compare and contrast, a surprising amount of similarities and differences can be found. Unless they deal with the same subject matter, most short stories arent really related, until some analysis is done. The stories A by John Updike, and An Ounce of Cure, by Alice Munro, are very similar but very different. One of the mot important similarities between these two stories is the problems the opposite sex causes for the main character. In A Sammy, the main character, quits his job because he thinks that his boss has mistreated and embarrassed three young ladies that were shopping in the store. In An Ounce of Cure, the female main characters boyfriend dumps her and she responds by trying to overdose on aspirin, gets drunk, and loses almost all of her baby-sitting jobs. Another similarity between these two stories is the fact that they are set between thirty and forty years ago. This is very important to both stories. In A the young ladies wouldnt have been walking around in a store in their bathing suits, and they definitely wouldnt have been wearing a two piece bathing suit if this had been set any earlier. Also, Sammy probably wouldnt have quit his job just because his boss embarrassed a few young ladies. In An Ounce of Care, the main character would have never thought about drinking at such a young age. Also, she wouldnt even have been in the situation if the story had been set earlier because she would have been forbidden to 2 date. These things have become more acceptable in recent times. The titles are also important to the stories. In A Sammy is a clerk at the local AAn Ounce of Cure, the main character and her mother have to use and ounce of cure to try and make up for the main characters mistakes. If only an ounce of prevention had been used, there wouldnt have been any of those horrible problems that arose. These two stories are also very different. The main difference is that Sammy takes less dramatic measures to resolve his problems than the girl in An Ounce of Cure. Sammy only quits his job. Since he is young and it is summer time, he shouldnt have any problems finding another job. The girl in An Ounce of Cure, however, takes far more drastic measures to solver her problems. She tries to kill herself, gets drunk, and endangers the lives of the two young children that she supposed to be watching. Another difference is that An Ounce of Cure has far less detail in it than in A An Ounce of Cure is much longer, but much more straightforward. It gives the story and a few extra details, but not many. On the other hand, A Sammy gives vivid details of everything around him. He paints a very clear picture of the store, the young ladies, the other shoppers, and his every thought. Both main characters in these stories have very different attitudes towards everything. Sammy, in A is very self assured. He realizes that he may be making a mistake halfway through quitting his job, but goes through with it anyway. By reading into his thoughts, the reader can infer that he is around the ages of fifteen to nineteen 3 years old, meaning that girls are very important to him and he wants to impress them. He also seemed to be somewhat of a happy-go-lucky kind of guy. Just because his quitting his job may have been detrimental to his family, he felt good with himself afterwards. The girl in An Ounce of Cure seems to get depressed very easily. She is young and should be able to get over getting dumped fairly easily. She also has a negative view of other people. Even though she might not have known some of the other people in the story very well, that didnt stop her from being a typical teenage girl and forming opinions of people she doesnt

Gettysburge Adress Essay

Gettysburge Adress Essay Gettysburge Adress Essay Columbia Grammar –Alex Baselga As Albert Einstein once said â€Å"I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious†. Like Einstein my curiosity drives me. I always want to explore new things even if they take time and effort. Being curious has helped me achieve many things in live. For example, last year we had to do, a research paper, I decided to do mine on Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis. My great-uncle and my great-grandmother had both died from Pulmonary Embolism and my grandfather almost died but at the end he was saved by surgery. When I told my teacher I wanted to do my paper about (PE)Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis(DVT), she told me it was too complex and to maybe I should consider an easier topic. I did not want to change the topic, I really wanted to learn more about this disease that runs in my family. Some times I was stucked and frustrated and it was my curiosity that made me go forward and I even went to interview a Doctor at the Massachusetts General Hospi tal who is a specialist in this disease. I prepared a number of questions and I had the idea to use an iPAD to videotape the conversation so I was able to watch it several times. After all, the effort and time was worth it since I now really understand what Pulmonary Embolism is and what causes and how to treat it more, I received the highest grade in my class. I also learnt that maybe there is a gene in my family that increases our risk. Something that I have to improve is

Prologue What Is It, Do You Really Need One How to Write a Prologue

Prologue What Is It, Do You Really Need One How to Write a Prologue Prologue: What is it Do You Really Need a Prologue? Should you write a prologue, or should you throw the reader right into the story?This choice will either serve your readers or take away from their experience if you dont know the intricacies of prologues- like if you even need one (and well cover this below).This is one of the most important for aspiring fiction authors writing a novel! Let’s talk about what a prologue is, when to use them, and how to use them well.Heres everything you need to know about prologues:What is a prologue?How to make a prologue stand outHow to know if its a prologueHow to know if your book needs a prologueHow to write a good prologueNOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Fiction Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereWhat is a prologue?A prologue is like a short story- a small glimpse, set in your story’s world, written in the same style as the rest of your book but with clear separation from the sta rt of your story.Maybe it’s an entire literary device, like a flashforward of your protagonist that gives the reader a taste of the world, some crucial information for the plot, and will make sense later.Maybe it’s an event from thousands of years ago that sets the wheels in motion for your story’s inciting incident. Maybe it’s a background prologue your reader needs to settle into a fantasy or sci-fi universe (but not an info dump).Maybe it’s a snippet of your story from a different perspective- for example, this could be used if your story needs information from when your perspective character was a child who couldn’t understand what was happening, or if they simply weren’t present for the event.If you’re struggling to connect the reader to your story with enough necessary information to understand what’s happening, maybe you need a prologue.  A prologue should read exactly as if you were writing a short story withou t a true ending- your prologue should leave the reader questioning and curious.Note: Any questions you create in the prologue must be resolved by the end of your story.How to Make a Prologue Stand OutThe prologue should stand out from the rest of the book in a significant way.If it fits seamlessly into your story and the reader can’t tell it’s a prologue without a label, that isn’t a prologue.While it should be written in the same style as the rest of the book, here are examples of how it can stand out:Time difference. Your prologue could be set in the past to reveal an important event. It could jump into the future and the rest of the story becomes a sort of flashback up to that point. Oftentimes, you won’t even see the future-set prologue in the book, because the story will end before it reaches that point, but the book should show a logical progression to your future-set prologue.Different perspective. Maybe your story is in first-person and your prolo gue is an event from a third-person omniscient perspective. Maybe we get a view of the main character from the perspective of a friend or parent. Maybe we see a character’s perspective who never actually shows up in the story.Your reader should see a distinct difference between the prologue and the rest of your novel, else why is it a prologue instead of the first chapter?You also don’t hop back into this perspective at any other point in the book- if you can, then why did you need the prologue in the first place?If you go back to that perspective, you likely could include the information in the story itself instead of separating it into a prologue.How to Know if its a PrologueThere are many ways to start a book besides jumping into the story. Let’s look at a few options to establish the differences between them.Preface or forewordA preface is basically the author explaining something to the reader about how the book came to be, who was involved in creating it, and other information about the book’s creation. A preface is not a part of the story, and it can be skipped without damaging the reader’s understanding.A foreword is similar, but written by someone who is not the author- a foreword is typically a reflection of how the book relates to society and readers.IntroductionA book introduction is typically used only in nonfiction.It gives the reader supplemental information, and it usually isn’t crucial for the reader’s understanding of the rest of the book.PrologueA prologue is typically used only in fiction. It gives the reader information about the story, in the same form of the story.So the prose of a prologue will have the same writing style and vibe of the rest of the book, even if it’s in a different timeline or perspective. If a reader skips reading the prologue, it will affect their understanding of the book.How to determine if your book needs a prologueNot every book needs a prologue and if yours truly doesnt, the actual prologue can then take away from the book, giving away too much or being irrelevant in general.So lets figure out if your book actually needs a prologue or not.Why should you write a prologue?If something happened far out of the context of your story that is CRUCIAL to understanding it. If you have the information you must convey to the reader that can’t be worked into the main novel, you may need a prologue.If the story doesn’t make sense without the prologue. If you can remove the prologue (or a reader can skip it), and their understanding is not damaged, a prologue is not necessary.If you can’t weave the prologue’s information into the story without muddling your plot. If working the prologue content into your story is unnatural or confusing, you may need a prologue.Why shouldn’t you write a prologue?If your story makes sense without it.If the content could be included in the main story.If it’s a copout to writin g an interesting opener.If you’re just writing it because you think you’re supposed to have one.If it’s just an exposition dump.If it’s just for world-building.If it’s just to set mood or atmosphere.If it’s to supplement a boring first chapter opening.Note: prologues can certainly be used for mood, atmosphere, world-building, and clever exposition, but these shouldn’t be the sole purpose.So clearly, there are more reasons not to write a prologue than there are reasons to write one. Be very critical of your prologue to be sure you should include it.But if you decide your story does need a prologue, here are five tips to write a great one.How to Write a Good Prologue for Your BookNot every prologue is created equal.Just as a great prologue can make a book, a bad one can ruin it completely. Here are some tips to keep it fresh, exciting, and influential to your books story.#1 Keep it briefYour prologue shouldn’t be longer than you r average chapter length.It should be one event (maybe two), it shouldn’t bother with developing characters, and it should only include the crucial information.#2 Keep it interestingIf your prologue is boring, readers will skip it. We all know that the first pages of your first chapter are extremely important.This is where the reader will either be hooked to finish the book, or where they lose interest.If you include a prologue, it should be just as gripping as your first chapter. However, this doesn’t mean you can slack in the first chapter. The two should work together to be as intriguing as possible to yank the reader in and not let them go.An author who exemplifies this greatly is Jenna Moreci in her novel The Saviors Champion. The prologue is vital to the story, is written in another perspective, and is just as (I would argue its even more) gripping as the first chapter.#3 Focus on crisp, original proseEven if your prologue is historical or in a book genre thats less exciting, or if its a document of some sort, keep your prose on par with the rest of your book.Put special effort into the quality of writing- this is your reader’s first taste of what’s to come!#4 End with a burning questionAfter your prologue, your reader should be so intrigued that they immediately jump into the first chapter.You want them to say â€Å"What the **** is going on?!† so loud it freaks their cat out.This is what pushes readers to buy more books, increasing your overall book sales and hooking fans.George R.R. Martin did a great job with this in his infamous series Game of Thrones. The series opens with a prologue of men venturing beyond the wall to investigate certain occurrences.At the end, youre left wondering what the heck just happened.#5 Make it an event, not an exposition dumpThis is where most writers go wrongThey use their prologue as a tool to spoon-feed readers information about a world the reader hasn’t developed an inter est for yet.This will often make them skim the prologue, skip the prologue, or skip the book entirely.Prologues are a great story-telling tool when used properly. Make sure you need a prologue before you include one, keep it brief, keep it interesting, and keep it Absolutely Necessary.#6 Give your prologue a purpose by finishing the whole bookA great prologue means nothing if it only ever sees a folder in your computer that you only open every seven months.If you really want to finish writing your book and even self-publishing your book someday, a kick in the butt to get it done will help.Weve got just that for you.

Personal Development As a Strategic Leader and Strategic Performance Essay

Personal Development As a Strategic Leader and Strategic Performance management - Essay Example It is an exercise in helping me hone my skills, boost my strengths and improve on my weaknesses. In creating this Personal Development Plan as a Strategic Leader (PDP), I shall follow assessment criteria as my outline so I am ensured that nothing will be missed. The Department of Transportation (DoT) in Abu Dhabi upholds lofty ideals in professionalism. It honors its commitment to serving the people by providing quality service in terms of transportation. Its vision is as follows: Streamline the Department of Transport: More efficient delivery to the public sector the services and processes and provision of greater transparency and accountability to all stakeholders. This is made possible through five key policy divisions. Such divisions will be responsible for policy and strategic planning, regulation and relevant programs in Aviation, Maritime, Public Transport, Roads Safety and Highways Management. It is the Chairman of the Department of Transport, assisted by an Undersecretary, who oversees the regulation and supervision of transport conducted by these divisions. Two departmental functons have been created for purposes of assisting the Chairman, namely an integrated planning and performance management function and an internal audit capability. Expand Etihad Airlines and the Abu Dhabi International Airport: In an effort to expand its customer base and promote Abu Dhabi as a tourist destination, the DoT strategizes plans of increasing the number of destinations of Etihad Airlines, Abu Dhabi’s official air transportation to significantly more destinations by the year 2018. Apart from this, plans for the improvement of the Abu Dhabi Airport are under way. -The requirements of DoT for leaders seem to be call for mature individuals who can handle the multiple tasks embedded in the position with efficiency and deliver a high quality of input

Organisation and Management Different Perspectives Essay

Organisation and Management Different Perspectives - Essay Example Also, with such technologies the customers are more highly informed, like never before. Marketing is the principal undertaking by which links are forged between the customers and the industry. Therefore, it is evident that the marketing industry is constantly changing. Retail marketing has emerged as the need of the hour. The recent trends in marketing suggest that companies have greater accessibility to the end-consumer, eliminating the need for layers of middlemen. Consequently, retail marketing has been one of the fastest growing segments of the marketing industry. Recent developments in retail marketing in the hospitability sector suggest a very interesting trend. It is increasingly evident that many of the designer companies are seeking to penetrate the hospitality sector and to establish hotels in the commercial hubs like Dubai and London. Innovations in the business have led to increasing need for strategic planning for the purpose of effective assessment and monitoring of the business (Phillips & Moutinho, 1999). Among many of the major trends, it has been observed that the affluent society is becoming more sensitive about choosing the products that they purchase. This is primarily because today’s customers are deluged with a variety of products and a massive amount of information. Customers can easily gain access to information about the products that they are interested in. Also, the number of firms have grown which compete for the same markets in the same industry. With such a wide choice of alternatives, customers tend to look for establishments that would provide the service with the greatest value added at the most reasonable cost. (Escalera, 2007). With such trends prevailing in the industry it was inevitable that the designer companies like Missoni and Armani would attempt entry into the hospitality sector to create optimum value for the affluent society. The Varese

Advancements in Medical Technology Essay Example for Free

Advancements in Medical Technology Essay Introductions: Have you or have you had someone, that was near and dear to your family and hearts, pass away and think to yourself â€Å"If medical technology was just a little more advance, they might have been able to still be here with me today? † Or was their life, cut from your life to soon, because of the need for more advancements in the medical pharmaceutical side of things such as medications and treatments. Maybe, even be able to give them the therapeutic device that would have been able to give them a longer life expectancy? One thing to think about is that over the past thirty years advancements in the Biological, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic device fields of Medical Technology has greatly improved the life quality and expectancy of many human beings. (What kind of introduction did you write for your expository essay? Asked a question What other types of introductions might be appropriate for this kind of essay? Providing a startling statistic. Include interesting facts about the subject. What makes your introduction type more effective than another introduction type for your particular essay? By asking a question to the reader, the way that I have asked a question makes it personal to the reader and makes them think and want to read more about what I have written. ) Conclusions: My husband and I believe that if Stem Cell research was around years ago when he was first diagnosed by Type I Diabetes, that he would not have to worry so much about his blood sugars going high or low all the time. Now with the advancements in therapeutic devices, we are able to go to a specialized diabetic doctor (known as a Endocrinologist) and be able to help him get on a Medtronic Insulin Pump, that will help him with getting his sugars stable and give him the right amount of insulin that his body needs to function properly like you and I do. On the bright side due to the fact that there are advancements in medical technology with the therapeutic side of things, there is a small variety of insulin pumps on the market today that he is able to choose from that will fit to his personal needs and wants. With medical personnel continuing to improve upon advancements in the Biological, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic device fields of Medical Technology, there will be more people out there, such as I that will not have to lose their loved ones before their time. (What kind of conclusion did you write for your expository essay? I think that by finishing up with another question it will hopefully convince the reader that everything I have provided will have them agreeing with my essay. Also something that would be more effective would be to provide an ironic twist, a surprising observation. What other types of conclusions might be appropriate for this kind of essay? Restating the thesis or summarizing the main points of my essay What makes your conclusion type more effective than another conclusion type for your particular essay? By providing an ironic twist, with a surprising observation from my own personal life might help the reader understand more of why I was so passionate about writing about those things in my essay. )

Richard Wrights Black Boy as a Catalyst to End Racism Essay -- Wright

Black Boy as a Catalyst to End Racism Around 2000 B.C., Egyptians enslaved Jews in bondage like caged animals because they were targeted as a lesser race and thus chosen for labor. Just 1500 years later, the Jews themselves were the culprits of racism labeling the very association with Samaritans as a deep sin. In 1861_1865, the United States divided brother against brother in one of its bloodiest battles of all time over black slavery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Racism survives not simply as an intangible historic fable but as a real modern problem, also. In current civilization Arab Palestinians war with Israelis to find a homeland; the Ku Klux Klan draws its biggest membership influx in over 20 years; and in the U.S. where freedom reigns, Americans have never to date voted a person into the president's office who was not a white male. Denny's restaurants, Texaco gas stations, and Avis car rental are a few of the number of national companies accused of extolling racism in this "apartheid America." Although less subtle in the lives of Americans then, racism also thrived in the souls of people living during the 1920's. Even though the war on slavery was over in the battle fields, white racists were blood thirsty lions at heart, as was demonstrated in the book Black Boy.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The setting of Black Boy is in the deep south of Jackson, Mississippi where whites attempted to tame into submission blacks by hard discipline. Such was the case for Richard in Black Boy, his autobiography. It seemed that the more Richard gained success, the more he was hurt. In Black Boy, Richard is abused by whites because he reminds the whites of their lack of identity and failure to meet society's expectations.   Their lives became bland... ...elf_imposed humility, the person gets a sense of gratification in his life. He now knows that he has a good reason to keep going. Eventually the person will also receive that same love from others. Therefore, a new source for positive gratification and love is created, making racism obsolete.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These principles have not been fully successful as people are naturally more willing to be lethargic than active, more likely to be followers than leaders, usually submit rather than stand up for themselves. They need courage. The courage must come from the love within, it must be true courage. For some, it doesn't come naturally, but with one strong foot forward, and a heart for others, racism can be defeated and the world can live in peace and equality. Works Cited: Wright, Richard. Black Boy (American Hunger): A Record of Childhood and Youth. 1998 ed.

A comparison of “Deirdre” and “On Baile’s Strand” by William Butler Yeats Essay

Deirdre and On Baile’s Strand are two plays by William Butler Yeats that incorporate a tragic vision. Both plays deal with a single tragic moment in the life of an important figure. The plays are similar in structure and style. Yeats interweaves supernatural elements in both plays — the Shape Changers in On Baile’s Strand and the circumstances of Deirdre’s birth and the question of her parentage in Deirdre. The endings of the plays are similar, however, the process of coming to a conclusion in the plays is different. In both of these plays, Yeats gives readers the back ground, information about the characters, and sets the scene at the beginning. In On Baile’s Strand Yeats uses two characters, the Fool and the Blind Man, whose purpose in the play was to describe the situation and the characters involved. In Deirdre Yeats uses a group of three female musicians to set the scenes and give information about the characters. Even with this similarity, however, there is a difference. In On Baile’s Strand the Fool and the Blind man are not directly involved in the action of the play. The exception is at the end of the play when through them, Cuchulain learns that he has killed his only son. The Fool and the Blind Man speak prose while the musicians in Deirdre sing. The three female musicians in Deirdre, however, are spoken to and answer the main characters in the play. In both instances, the Fool and the Blind Man, and the three female musicians have knowledge that the other characters do not. The settings of the plays reflect the main characters. In Deirdre, a tragedy with a female main character, the setting is feminine and action takes place in a guest-house in sereneness of the woods. On Baile’s Strand, a tragedy with a male main character, the setting is masculine and the action takes place in an assembly- house near a harsh sea. No only is On Baile’s Strand masculine in the sense that it takes place near a harsh sea, it is also without fully human women. The one fully human woman, Aoife, that is mentioned in the play, is seen as an evil influence. Conchubar tells Cuchulain: That very woman — For I know well that your are praising Aoife — Now hates you and will leave no subtlety Unknotted that might run into a noose About your throat †¦ (28) However, Cuchulain remembers her as being of â€Å"stone-pale cheek and red-brown hair† and stated that None other had all beauty, queen or lover, Or was so fitted to give birth to kings. (28) With Cuchulain’s vivid descriptions of her, Aoife, although she is not seen in the play, is able to be seen as clearly as the other characters. In both of the plays, the most dramatic part revolves around two things: death and the unknown. In Deirdre, Deirdre pleads with Conchubar to spare her and Naoise’s lives. She is unaware that Naoise is already dead. She did not see Conchubar motion to the â€Å"dark-faced men† who gag Naoise and pull him out of view. Deirdre  pleads with Conchubar, telling him that he will need Naoise some day, but Conchubar only laughs. Deirdre tells him: You will cry out for him someday and say, â€Å"If Naoise were but living† — [she misses Naoise]. Where is he? Where have you sent him? Where is the son of Usna? Where is he, O where is he? (69) This is the most tragic part of the play. Even more tragic than the deaths of Deirdre and Naoise because everyone except Deirdre knows that her pleading is futile. The most dramatic scene in On Baile’s Stand comes after Cuchulain kills the Young Man, not knowing that he is his son. The Blind Man tells Cuchulain that he knows the Young Man’s mother: BLIND MAN: I knew him and his mother there. CUCHULAIN: He was about to speak of her when he died. BLIND MAN: He was a queens son. CUCHULAIN: What queen? what queen? [Seizes Blind Man who  is now sitting upon the bench] Was it Scathach? There were many queens. All the rulers there were  queens. And further into the conversation the Fool tells Cuchulain that the Blind Man said â€Å"the young man was Aoife’s son† and that he had also heard Aoife say that she has had only one lover, and he was the  only one who had defeated her in battle. The Blind Man is the one to say â€Å"it is his own son he has slain.† Another important element found in the play is the idea of treachery or betrayal of trust. In both Deirdre and On Baile’s Strand, treachery results in death. In Deirdre Fergus trusts Conchubar and is betrayed by him; and he betrays others in the play by not divulging knowledge he has. Naoise trusts Fergus, and to some extent Conchubar, and is betrayed. Deirdre trusts Naoise and becomes a victim with him after he is killed. Deirdre betrays Conchubar twice. First when she runs away with Naoise and hides for seven years, and again before taking her own life. Conchubar betrays both Deirdre and Naoise in order the win Deirdre and punish Naoise for stealing her from him and, in turn, this is when he is betrayed by Deirdre and Naoise. Early in the play, after Naoise realized that Conchubar has not sent a messenger to meet with them, Fergus tells Deirdre and Naoise that Conchubar will arrive in person. Naoise responds that â€Å"he cannot break his faith† and â€Å"I have his word and I must take that word.† After seeing a chess-board and remembering the tale of Lugaidh Redstripe and his wife, who both died after being betrayed Naoise speaks: If I had not King Conchubar’s word I’d think That chess-board ominous. (53) Fergus recalls the tall of Lugaidh Redstripe as â€Å"the tale of treachery, A broken promise† that is best forgotten. In On Baile’s Strand, Cuchulain is betrayed by the oath he made to Conchubar when Conchubar calls him on it after the Young Man’s arrival. When Cuchulain refuses to fight the Young Man, Conchubar tells him that â€Å"witchcraft has maddened you.† Cuchulain realizes he had been betrayed after he kills his son. He runs out  to the sea to fight the harsh waves, which he sees as an image of Conchubar. Deirdre and On Baile’s Strand are two plays whose outcome is based on the tragedy upholding honor. Cuchulain’s honor of Conchubar in On Baile’s Strand, and Deirdre’s honor of Naoise and Naoise’s honor of Conchubar in Deirdre. The possession of knowledge the reader has about the events of the play heighten the tragic effects found in both Deirdre and On Baile’s Strand.

Did Lizzie Borden Commit Murder

A little over a century ago an atrocious double murder was committed, in the two-half story house at 92 Second Street, in Fall River, Massachusetts. This crime shocked the city of Fall River, as well as the nation, as Lizzie Borden, a 32-year-old Sunday school teacher, went on trial for the murder of her father and her stepmother. (Augustine). An all male jury eventually acquitted her on the accusations. (Aiuto). To this day, the murderer of Andrew J. Borden and Abby Gray Borden is still unknown, but in the public mind everyone believes it was Lizzie Borden.Lizzie was born and grew up in Fall River, Massachusetts. She was the youngest daughter of Andrew Jackson Borden, who was a very successful Banker and Sarah Borden. Sarah died when Lizzie was very young and Andrew then married Abby Durfee Gray. Lizzie grew up with an elder sister, Emma. Neither of them ever married. It is said the sisters hated their stepmother, mainly because of the family’s inferior social position. (Hist ory Channel). Many of the wealthier houses at the time had electricity and running water, the Borden house did not, making Andrew’s reputation a penny pincher. Clark). On the day of August 4, 1892, the bodies of Andrew Borden and his wife were found mutilated. (History Channel). As opposed to 40 whacks, in the popular rhyme, 19 blows struck Abby Borden by a hatchet or axe to the back of her head and neck. (History Channel). At the time she was cleaning the guestroom of the family home, at 9:30 am. Andrew Borden, who had returned home around 10:30 am, after his daily business had been attended to, was napping on a couch in the parlor, when he was attacked. (Lizzie). 11 blows were struck upon Mr.Borden's head and face, to the point that one eye hung from its socket, making him unrecognizable. (History Channel). There were only two people in or about the house at the time of the killings, Lizzie Andrew Borden and Bridget Sullivan, the Borden's maid. (Clark) There is some specula tion as to others that may have been responsible for these evil acts. Among the other alleged killers is John Morse, the brother of Andrew's first wife, Emma Borden, Lizzie's elder sister. Soon after the murders, Lizzie emerged as the prime suspect after John Morse’s alibi checked out. Clark). She then was arrested and tried on three counts, the murder of Abbey, of Andrew, and of them both and, if found guilty, faced death by hanging. (Clark). What makes the Fall River murders so perplexing is that the motive, the weapon and the opportunity for such a crime are all absent. When the Fall River constabulary investigated the murders, they found no money or jewelry missing, not even small amounts of change or the packet of bus tickets as were taken in the daytime break-in at the Borden home twelve months earlier. (History Channel).There was some speculation on Andrew having a will, but no will was ever found, leaving the entire estate to Lizzie and Emma. (Clark). A local pharmaci st reported Lizzie coming into his store and asking for prussic acid or hydrogen cyanide on several different occasions two weeks prior to the murders. (Augustine). Lizzie insisted that she needed it to clean an item of clothing, but the pharmacist refused to sell it to her without a prescription. (Augustine). Also, when the bodies had been discovered many people from throughout the neighborhood were entering and exiting the crime scene and could have easily moved evidence to protect Lizzie. Clark). Besides the lack of a clear motive for the murders, there was also the perplexing lack of opportunity. Fall River found the entire Borden house locked up as usual, and during the two-and-a-half-hour period in which both murders were completed, the maid Bridget was outside the house washing windows and daughter Lizzie was inside the house reading a magazine. (History Channel). Even if one of the two committed the crime, the violent and bloody act should have been noisy enough to attract t he attention of the other. There was also not a lot of blood splatter at the crime scene. (Clark).If Lizzie were to have murdered her parents there should have been some sort of blood on Lizzie’s clothes. (Clark). The prosecution used this as a key part of their trial. They had a witness that said she saw Lizzie burning a blue dress in her kitchen and the prosecution insisted that it was the dress Lizzie killed her parent’s in. (Clark). Lizzie did in fact burn a dress and was seen doing so, but she was burning it because she had no use for it anymore because it was soiled with paint. (Clark). June 1893, Lizzie was arrested and sent to trial. The all-male jury was put into a difficult position. (Lizzie).It was the Victorian Era where women were considered delicate flowers and not capable of killing someone and it was not a common issue to deal with in those times. (History Channel). After only an hour of deliberating, the jury declared Lizzie to be not guilty. It is sai d it only took them 15 minutes to decide, but out of respect for the prosecution, they waited another 45 minutes before they informed the court of their decision. (Lizzie). Shortly after the trial, Emma and Lizzie each inherited half of their father's estate, about $200,000. 00 each, which was a large amount of money in those days. (History Channel).Their first purchase was a home on The Hill, at 7 French Street, which Lizzie named Maplecroft. (Clark). Lizzie also changed her name to Lizbeth. (Clark) Lizzie became a social outcast after the trial, with few friends remaining loyal. (History Channel). Her every move was criticized: if she appeared solemn in public, it was because she was guilt-ridden because of her crime; if she was happy, it proved she was a heartless monster. Lizzie soon had to travel farther to do her shopping, but she was not left along by reporters. (Clark). Reports after the trial of Lizzie usually were rumors, from engagements to cases of shoplifting.These pape rs never seemed willing to print tales of her good deeds, such as her many charitable donations, her aide to deserving young people who could not afford a college education. (Clark). Nor did they print stories of her love of animals, or of the arts. (Clark). The murder of Andrew and Abby Borden will forever be a cold case and one of the most gruesome crimes that could have been committed by a woman. People will always have some sort of curiosity towards this case because of the lack of evidence, the opportunity and motive that could have possibly been.Works Cited Aiuto, Russell. â€Å"Lizzie Borden Took An Ax. † TruTv. Turner Broadcasting System, 2010. Web. 27 Oct 2010Augustine, Megan. â€Å"Dusting off a Cold Case with Modern Forensics: Lizzie Borden†¦fortyone. † The Forensics Examiner. 14. 4 (2005): 52+ Academic OneFile. Web. 14 Oct 2010.Clark, Denise M. â€Å"How Lizzie Got Away With Murder. † Crimemagazine. com. Crime Magazine,2010. Web. 25 Oct 2010. Th e History Channel: The Strange Case Of Lizzie Borden. New Video, 2005. DVD. â€Å"Lizzie Andrew Borden. †Karisable. com. Karisable Burns. 26 Apr. 2004. Web. 27 Oct 2010.

Precious Bodily fluids essays

Precious Bodily fluids essays As a filmmaker, Stanley Kubrick was somewhat of a perfectionist who went to obsessive lengths to fulfill his artistic vision. Known for doing numerous takes of the same scene, Kubrick was committed to perfecting the image in each frame and successfully conveying its meaning. With his 1964 masterpiece, Dr. Strangelove: Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying, and Love the Bomb, Kubrick creates a satiric bombshell of nuclear war and social commentary. This film has an abundance of important scenes that convey the films overall theme through comedic dialogue and textured imagery, but one scene does a particularly exceptional job. A scene in which a ranting General Ripper unveils his bizarre motivation for the nuclear assault on Russia to the shocked Group Captain Mandrake, while fondling a smoking cigar in his mouth. I can no longer sit back and allow communist infiltration, communist indoctrination, communist subversion, and the international communist conspiracy to sap and poison all of our precious bodily fluids. The words of a nutty General Ripper, spoken maniacally by Sterling Hayden, give the viewer a better idea of what the film is all about. The dialogue is simply an exaggeration, and in many cases not an exaggeration, of the haunting thoughts plaguing the minds of Cold War America. Throughout the scene, Group Captain Mandrake, a British liaison played wonderfully by the flawless Peter Sellers, listens to Rippers ranting and tries to calm the general with little success. The dialogue alone makes the films satirical intentions clear and Kubricks simple staging and suddel imagery only deepens the connotation. Much of General Rippers insanity is shown through a close shot of his face from below. In the image we see only Rippers twisted face clenching a cig ...

Ancient Egypts 1st Intermediate Period

Ancient Egypt's 1st Intermediate Period The 1st Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt began when the Old Kingdoms centralized monarchy grew weak as provincial rulers called nomarchs became powerful, and ended when the Theban monarch gained control of all Egypt. Dates of the 1st Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt 2160-2055 B.C. Herakleopolitan: 9th 10th Dynasties: 2160-2025Theban: 11th Dynasty: 2125-2055 The Old Kingdom is described as ending with the longest-reigning pharaoh in Egyptian history, Pepy II. After him, building projects in the cemeteries around the capital of Memphis stopped. Building resumed at the end of the 1st Intermediate Period, with Menhotep II at Deir el-Bahri in western Thebes. Characterization of the 1st Intermediate Period Egyptian intermediate periods are times when the centralized government weakened and rivals claimed the throne. The 1st Intermediate Period is often characterized as chaotic and miserable, with degraded art- a dark age. Barbara Bell* hypothesized that the 1st Intermediate period was brought about by a prolonged failure of the annual Nile floods, leading to famine and collapse of the monarchy. But it was not necessarily a dark age, even though there are bragging inscriptions about how local rulers were able to provide for their people in the face of great adversity. There is evidence of thriving culture and the development of towns. Non-royal people gained in status. Pottery changed shape to a more efficient use of the pottery wheel. The 1st Intermediate Period was also the setting for later philosophical texts. Burial Innovations During the 1st Intermediate Period, cartonnage was developed. Cartonnage is the word for the gypsum and linen colored mask that covered the face of a mummy. Earlier, only the elite had been buried with specialized funerary goods. During the 1st Intermediate Period, more people were buried with such specialized products. This indicates that the provincial areas could afford non-functional craftsmen, something that only the pharaonic capital had done before. Competing Kings Not much is known about the early part of the 1st Intermediate Period. By the second half of it, there were two competing nomes with their own monarchs. The Theban king, King Mentuhotep II, defeated his unknown Herakleapolitan rival in about 2040, putting an end to the 1st Intermediate Period. Herakleapolis Herakleopolis Magna or Nennisut, on the southern edge of the Faiyum, became the capital of area of the Delta and central Egypt. Manetho says the Herakleapolitan dynasty was founded by Khety. It may have had 18-19 kings. One of the last kings, Merykara, (c. 2025) was buried at the necropolis at Saqqara which is connected with the Old Kingdom kings ruling from Memphis. First Intermediate Period private monuments feature the civil war with Thebes. Thebes Thebes was the capital of southern Egypt. The ancestor of the Theban dynasty is Intef, a nomarch who was important enough to be inscribed on the walls of Thutmose IIIs chapel of royal ancestors. His brother, Intef II ruled for 50 years (2112-2063). Thebes developed a type of tomb known as a rock-tomb (saff-tomb) at the necropolis at el-Tarif. Sources: Bell, Barbara. The Dark Ages in Ancient History. I. The First Dark Age in Ancient Egypt. AJA 75:1-26.The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. by Ian Shaw. OUP 2000.

Change Plans and Projects with an Organization Essay

Change Plans and Projects with an Organization - Essay Example The first element that should be considered is whether the plan being explored will bring more benefit than problems to the company (Wands, 2001). This might seem a self-evident factor, but at times change plans take on an inertia of their own. Time should be taken to see whether the change is really worth it. The second element will be the influence that the changes will have on the employees of the company, from the lowest entry-level employee to the CEO. As already outlined, such influence is essential to consider. The third element will be to brainstorm possible problems that may occur on implementation and to have contingency plans in place to deal with them. Internal human elements that may force an organization to change are many and varied in nature. First, the retirement or other departure of leading personnel, such as the CEO, a long-term manager or other key personnel, may bring about the need for change. This "forcing" of change should in fact be seen as an opportunity for new ideas, systems and outlooks to be instituted within the company. Another internal element may be dissatisfaction expressed, either individually or as a group, by a large proportion of the employees. External elements, like the internal, are many and... Other external factors may be the availability of workers, maybe locally, but perhaps on the other side of the world, that can offer outsourcing possibilities in order to reduce costs. Thus many IT operations can be handled by offshore, outsourcing options such as the numerous software companies in India. General changes in worker habits outside of the company, including Union activities, may also influence a company to change. As with the internal factors, the changes need should be seen as an opportunity rather than a weakness or necessity. Positive things may come out of apparently negative circumstances. The first task of the leader will be to explain the change in as coherent and sympathetic a manner as possible. It is likely that many employees are largely technically illiterate and so a good degree of coaxing will need to be done. This explanation should not be conducted in a condescending or paternalistic manner, but rather as if the employees were equals within a team. Indeed, this is the way the leader should regard them anyway. Workers who are treated as drones have the natural tendency to act that way. Second, an excellent training program will need to be implemented that will enable all employees to become as efficient as possible on the new technology. One idea would be to have departmental leaders who are trained to train others on the technology. These should not be at the managerial level, but rather be experienced store-level employees who are trusted by the others. This way the employees can 'fail' while learning and not feel the need to hide their failures or not explore the reasons why they have failed. The training program will be developed at the corporate level, but implemented at the

Personal Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Reflection Paper - Essay Example Life is more valuable than mountain climbing expedition. Therefore, leaving sadhu to die for the sake of accomplishing corporate goals is against the moral standards of the society. Moreover, human beings ought to learn to promote feelings for each other to be able to offer a helping hand in similar circumstances instead of letting our ambitions make us selfish. The parable of sadhu has revealed a lot about the character of the corporate. Firstly, the parable reveals how corporate members of society are self-centered, irresponsible and selfish. They refute the qualities that constitute a person who ought to share life with the rest as stated in your lecture. Secondly, it also shows how corporate members are ungrateful to the society that defines their existence. The mountain climbers such as McCoy have had great time learning about the cultural practices of the native people. When they find one of the natives on the verge of death on higher, frozen slopes of Himalayas, they pass responsibility, leaving the old sadhu to fight for his own life1. The parable also reveals irresponsibility of the corporate members to the society. Each corporate member views such individuals as sadhu as burden and cannot take initiative to care for them. The corporate values material things in place of moral values. The climbers emphasized that they indeed helped the sadhu with clothes and food and, therefore, did enough as far as helping a stranger is concerned2. They argued that Sadhu was a stranger and according to them, they did enough that they could. Firstly, I would revive the role of corporate to the society. The corporate has evaded their duties owed to the society in which they thrive. They exploit the society yet they do very little at sustaining it for the future. I would restore the responsibility that the corporate owe to the society. I would, according to the

Analysis of Direct Costs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis of Direct Costs - Research Paper Example The other type of costs that is associated with direct material cost analysis, is the material related costs. These are costs incurred when a firm purchases excess materials to ensure there are adequate materials for production (Drury, 2007). These are costs that come about due to scrap, overruns, spoilage, and defective parts. Materials not used due to overruns, scrap or spoilage still have residual value or salvage value. A company might decide to sell the excess materials or use them for further production, either way adjustments have to be made to include the residual value (Drury, 2007). Where a residual value of the excess materials has been established, a firm might adjust direct material cost by subtracting the estimated residual value (Drury, 2007). To avoid problems that arise when analyzing direct materials and direct costs, one should do a further analysis so as to identify ineffective and uneconomical practices (Drury, 2007). This should be done before any direct cost analysis is carried out so that one could be able

Quantitative models for project planning

Quantitative models for project planning Introduction Project management consists of diverse processes linked to each other. In IT project management, strategic vision and planning are important elements of any project which determine the project outcomes. Historically, project success has been defined as bringing a project to conclusion on time, within budget and according to specifications. For successful performance, IT organizations need effective project management system which consists of control activities and effective resource allocation in order to achieve overall objectives of the company/organization. Project Management Defined Project management aims to achieve specified performance within an agreed time scale and budget. Every aspect of the project is defined, e.g. quality, reliability etc. In general, project management is defined as the process of managing, allocating, and timing resources to achieve a given goal in an efficient and expedient manner (Badiru,1993, p.1). The goals of the project give a sense of direction for the activities of an organization. They give broad guiding principles towards which detailed and specific plans are directed. The important point of the project management is that the elements are expected to work synergistically together to generate a joined output that is greater than the sum of the individual outputs of the components (Badiru, 1993, p.1). Different authors identify different elements of the project management such as planning, scheduling and control or resource scheduling, budgeting and cost control, teamwork and effective leadership, conflict management and knowledge management. The book A Guide to the Project Management underlines that the main characteristics of projects are: performed by people, constrained by limited resources and planned, executed and controlled (Burkun, 2005. p. 4). All of them underline importance of successful planning and control operations to achieve specific goals of the project. Effective projects are based on unlimited model of project management. It describes the impact of resource scheduling, budgeting, teamwork, conflict management and knowledge management on the outcomes of the project. Projects are carried out in organizations, which are collectives of individuals and sometimes in a group, sometimes at cross-purposes. Resource Scheduling In IT project management, resource scheduling in the initial planning stage varies depending on the type of project. When planning a simple project its team may simply consider the type of resources necessary for each activity, equipment or skill groups. However, if planning a project with fewer resources, the project team may consider not just the skill types necessary but particular individuals, especially if the project has a short duration. The effective resource planning is essential, because the initial stage determine the development and outcomes of a project in general. On some projects, collocation may not be an option; where it is not viable, an alternative may be scheduling frequent face-to- face meetings to encourage interaction (A Guide to the Project Management, 2000). The people who created the PERT scheduling technique realized that any estimate of the duration of a proposed task is subject to uncertainty (Frame, 2002, p. 74). Unproductive long-range planning for purchasing does not allow the project to achieve its goals. It can lead to waste of time and poor outcomes. It is important that the project be finished on time and close to budget. By adding resources it can easily be seen whether any project resources are expected to be working on a huge number of activities, to such an extent that they will not be able to complete all the work by the scheduled completion date. Ineffective resource scheduling can lead to low profits and useless unprofitable outcomes (A Guide to the Project Management, 2000). Budgeting and Cost Control On the majority of IT projects where there is very limited equipment being used, the main cost will be that associated with the people in the internal project team, appointed contractors and subcontractors. It is important to note that for different organizations, cost of the staff plays a different role. For instance, organizations running in-house projects do not estimate the cost of their internal staff working on the project, but do esti ­mate the cost of contractors and suppliers. Knack finds that The more hours staff members spend on a project, the more expensive it becomes (Frame, 2002, p. 20). This is often the case not only for small organiza ­tions, but also many multinational companies which do not have systems in place to allow them to accurately track and record the time people spend on individual projects. For these organizations, effective cost management is crucial for the project outcomes and its profitability. Cost budgeting involves allocating the overall cost estimates to individual activities or work packages to establish a cost baseline (A Guide to the Project Management, 2000, p. 89). Human Resource Management Management of conflicts is an essential part of project Management. It has assumed a vital strategic role in recent years as organizational attempt to compete through people. Today, projects can create a competitive advantage when they possess or develop human resources that are psychologically strong and organized. To avoid low motivation and confidence of employees, conflict is now treated seriously as an important aspect in the proper understanding of behavior. Modern management prac ­tice emphasizes the need for free expression and encourages open com ­munications, especially between superiors and subordinates, and methods of continuing consultation and negotiation (Frame, 2002, p. 98). Conflict resolution takes time and efforts of employees, reducing success of the project in general. Also, conflicts have a negative influence on productivity because of low motivation or frustration of the staff. Knowledge Management Without effective knowledge management the IT project will fail. Proper flow of knowledge and training of employees ensures success and fixed outcomes of the project. Knowledge management is viewed as a means of communication and as a means of storing knowledge. Knowledge manage ­ment is more about people than technology. Organizational networks can be particularly important in ensuring that knowledge is shared. Risk Management A major source of risk on IT projects is tied to difficulties in managing needs and requirements. If requirements have not been identified correctly and if the corresponding requirements do not capture real needs properly, then a project is doom to failure because it will produce deliverables that do not correspond to customers needs and wants. Proper management of needs and requirements is a necessary condition for project success. Problems begin with attempts to identify needs. One common difficulty is determining who the customers are. Managers who aspire to enable their organizations to be good at managing risk must recognize the road to effective risk management. In projects, there are techniques that may help to reduce uncertainty of the future and hence are valuable. In the area of investment decisions, probability forecasts are very important, e.g. variable estimates of future sales costs and prices will affect the estimated rates of return on capital invested in projects. Risk management is an important area of project management because it helps the project manager to locate and plan resources taking into account probability analysis and possible risks. Ineffective risk analysis leads to failure of the project and threatens its outcomes. To understand why these may be threatening to some people, consider what risk management processes do: they force people in organizations to approach their efforts in a deliberative fashion and to be aware of the dangers that lurk in the shadows (Badiru, 1993). In order to survive in highly competitive world, IT organizations have to improve their flexibility and be ready to meet change from external environment. He says that changes in organization are often facilitated by such factors as uncertain economic conditions, globalization and fierce competition, the level of government intervention, political interests, scarcity of natural resources, and rapid developments in technology. As well as increasing demand for high-quality goods, services and customers satisfaction, flexibility in organizational structure determines the changing nature of workforce and conflict within the organization. Therefore, in todays fast changing business environment, change turns to be an unavoidable part of social and organizational life (Blanchard and Johnson, 2002). Hence, organizational change can appear in different shapes, sizes and forms; it can be reflected in various change programs such as total quality management, business process re-engineering, per formance management, lean production are all being enforced in organizations all over the world. Moreover, each organization has to find its own approach on how to implement change, reduce conflict and achieve higher productivity. It is important to have a detailed management plan, create an appropriate organizational environment to deliver change, follow carefully the steps of change models and focus on human resources (Badiru, 1993). Quality Management Quality management can be described as a collection of principles, techniques, processes and best practices. These are put into practice during the time of companys existence. In general, the whole process is based on a number of effective technologies. Traditionally, the technologies are based on the use total quality management elements (Badiru, 1993). The use of these elements is projected to improve the quality management method model that has been developed by the company. The main objective of the given model is to describe the primary quality management methods that are currently practiced by the company. The combination of these methods is used with the aim to assess an organizations present strengths and weaknesses. Traditionally, the analysis is done with the regard to the use of quality management methods. Recent times have brought many approaches to management. Just-in-time (JIT) management principles have become the main principles that are used in modern managerial prac tices. The main specifics of JIT program is that it is directed towards ensuring that the right quantities of the people. Many people perceive this program as a material-control system (Frame, 2002). In IT projects, a great emphasis is put on training people in tools and techniques knowledge. So, knowledge of safety rules for workers would eliminate accidents at work, thus making process more effective and productive. With the help of quality control process chart, a safety officer is able to analyze his actions directed onto training people in safety issues. The cause of any issue can be steaming either from people, or process, or equipment. If equipment is not working properly, the incidents at working station could be also an effect. The scheme is divided into cause and effect parts, where cause can contain such categories as people, methods, machines, materials, environment, measurements, etc. Usually there would be found a relation between causes and effects in the projects Other issues that could be considered as principles of performance, besides profitability, include market share, degree of compliance with rules, rate of innovation and extent of society involvement. In addition to an overall judgment of consumer value, the input process of value creation must also be tracked and changes made as needed. In the issue of value, minor errors could later cause problems and require the type of essential change that a plan of endlessly improving value seeks to avoid. A suitable frame of indicators for the process of leadership is provided by the other issues themselves. The leadership, Integration, Involvement, and Ingraining achieved by the organization are reliable factors of how effectively the organization is pursuing its stated eventual end (Frame, 2002). Conclusion The outcomes of the IT project depend upon all elements of the project and effective implementation of all parts of the plan. In project management, resource scheduling and resource location are the main keys of effective project management based on control of project and its security. All elements are interdependent and cannot be considered in isolation. For instance, better customer relations lead higher morale of staff, lower program costs result in higher profit margins. Individuals have a lot of freedom, but when they join a project their freedom is restricted and their effort must be joined with those of others to achieve organizational goals. For this reason, the project manager should take a special attention to all areas of the project and resources involved to achieve desirable and predetermined outcomes. Effective project management depends upon location of resources and management skills of its leader. IT project management links such categories as people, methods, machin es, materials, environment, and measurements. List of References Badiru, A.B. 1993. Quantitative Models for Project Planning, Scheduling and Control. Quorum Books. Burkun, S. 2005. The Art of Project Management. OReilly Media; 1 ed. Blanchard, K., Johnson, S. 2002. The One Minute Manager. Berkley Trade. A Guide to the Project Management: Body of knowledge PMBOK Guide 2000 edition. Project management Institute. Frame, J.D. 2002. The New Project Management: Tools for an Age of Rapid Change,Complexity, and Other Business Realities. Jossey-Bass.

Lust, Loss, and Immorality in the Little Mermaid Essay -- Fairy Tale C

The Little Mermaid: Of Lust, Loss, and Immortality Under the sea, in an idyllic and beautiful garden, stands a statue of a young man cut out of cold stone – for the Little Mermaid who knows nothing but the sea, the statue stands as an emblem of the mysterious over-world, a stimulus for imagination and sexual desire, an incentive for expansion of experience, and most predominately, an indication that something great and all-encompassing is missing from her existence. Traces of curiosity and a vague indication of the complexities of adult desires mark the child mermaid; in such a stage of development, the statue will suffice. However, as the Little Mermaid reaches puberty, the statue must allegorically come alive in order to parallel the manifestation of her new-found adult desires – the statue must become a prince in his world of adulthood above the sea. Thus, powered by an insistent and ambiguous longing for self-completion, the Little Mermaid embarks on a journey of self-discovery, and, to her ultimate misfortune, prematurely abandons her child-like self as sexual lust and the lust for an adult life takes hold of her. The paradisiacal kingdom under the sea is symbolic of childhood. At the onset of the story, the sea kingdom is described: â€Å"where the waters are as blue as the petals of the cornflower and as clear as glass, there, where no anchor can reach the bottom,† and where â€Å"[one] would have to pile many church towers on top of each other† in order to reach the surface (Andersen 217). The sea describes the deep consciousness of the Little Mermaid as a young child, which is characterized by emotion, beauty, imagination, purity and innocence - representative successively of the water, flowers, the imaginative sim... ...rom an agonizing mistake offers hope. Works Cited: Anderson, Hans Christian. â€Å"The Little Mermaid.† Folk and Fairy Tales. 3rd ed. Eds. Martin Hallett and Barbara Karasek. Toronto: Broadview, 2002. Cashdan, Sheldon. The Witch Must Die: The Hidden Meaning of Fairy Tales. New York: Basic Books, 1999. Collins, Emily. â€Å"Nabokov’s Lolita and Anderson’s The Little Mermaid.† Nabokov Studies 9 (2005): 77-100. 10 Oct. 2006. http://muse.jhu.edu.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/journals/nabokov_studies/toc/nab9.1.html Easterlin, Nancy. â€Å"Hans Christian Andersen’s Fish out of Water." Philosophy and Literature 25 (2001): 251-77. 6 Oct. 2006. http://muse.jhu.edu.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/journals/philosophy_and_literature/v025/25.2easterlin.html Pil, Dahlerup. â€Å"Splash! Six Views of ‘The Little Mermaid.’ Scandinavian Studies 62 (1990): 403-429.

Existentialism in the Stranger by Albert Camus Essay

As humans mature they start to realize that their life has almost always followed a basic routine from childhood till death. This is to go to pre-school, then middle school, then high school, then college, then get a job and get married. A critical tell-tale sign of maturity is when a person starts to take responsibility for their own actions and stops making excuses. Existentialism is a modern philosophical movement largely based on the theory that human existence is unexplainable, that the universe is indifferent and our free choice has a cause and effect to our consequences and that we our responsible for it. Albert Camus brilliantly demonstrates these existentialist themes in the short story â€Å"The Guest† and the novel The Stranger. Three key themes that are displayed in both these literature pieces are freedom, responsibility, and indifference of the world. Freedom is the basic principle on what democracy & the country of America is based upon. It also happens to be the root basis on existentialism and how all humans are capable of free choice, regardless of the circumstance. In The Guest the school teacher Daru is ordered to transfer a prisoner to police headquarters. In this situation it is presumed that Daru has no choice but to follow orders and take the prisoner, yet he states â€Å"every bit of this disgusts me, and first of all your fellow here. But I won’t hand him over. Fight, yes, if I have to. But not that. † (Camus) Disobeying orders, he firmly puts his foot on the ground and confidently states that he will not in fact deliver the prisoner. As he starts to walk with the prisoner he directs him, â€Å"Now look,† the schoolmaster said as he pointed in the direction of the east, ‘†there’s the way to Tinguit. You have a two hour walk. At Tinguit you’ll find the administration and the police. They are expecting you. â€Å"’†¦ Daru took his elbow and turned him rather roughly toward the south†¦ ‘†That’s the trail across the plateau. In a day’s walk from here you’ll find pasturelands and the first nomads. They’ll take you in and shelter you according to their law. â€Å"’ (Camus) This free choice is what separates us humans from animals and is the basis of our government. In The Stranger Meursalt gets involved in a conflict between Raymond and a man only known as â€Å"The Arab†. Meursalt restrains Raymond from killing the Arab only to return and avenge his friend by shooting, and killing the Arab. Meursalt did not have any serious reason to kill the Arab, but he had the mindset that life was pointless and he was living for no reason so he decided to do his friends dirty work. Before he kills the Arab â€Å"It struck me that all I had to do was to turn, walk away, and think no more about it. † ( Camus 38) This quote represents the idea of free choice. That he could have just walked away and nothing would have happened but he chose to continue with the murder. These two examples perfectly display how free will largely impacts our lives. One choice gave a man his freedom, while the other took away a man’s freedom. â€Å"With great power, comes great responsibility†. Although this quote comes from the famous comic book adaptation movie Spiderman, it is still regarded as a very important quote which is true in all aspects. As we grow up we start from having no power to slowly gaining power as we grow older. A key idea in Existentialism is that we are all responsible for our own actions, which is shown in everyday life. For example if a person commits armed robbery his punishment will be prison, as that is the result of the action he chose to perform. This is perfectly shown in both The Guest and The Stranger. In the guest Daru set’s his prisoner free and directs him towards both freedom and capture. The Arab however chooses to take responsibility for his actions â€Å"And in that slight haze Daru with heavy heart made out the Arab walking slowly on the road to prison. † (Camus) In The Stranger, Meursalt makes the conscious decision to kill the Arab and is willing to pay the consequences. He starts shooting the Arab and realizes that â€Å"each successive shot was another loud, fateful rap on the door of my undoing. † (Camus 39) This quote is textual evidence that Meursalt did know he was going to suffer from the aftermath and as he fires the shot each shot symbolically represents fate knocking on his door. He ends up paying for this by going to trial resulting in his eventual death; which he welcomes. These two people from their respective stories both commit murder and take responsibility for their decisions instead of fleeing from reality. The #1 cause in mid-life crisis’ are the realization that life is a routine and some people then choose to go out and do something wild or try to change their life, yet it all comes back to routine. As mentioned before, everyone in the universe usually follows the same process of school, job, wife, kids etc. Meursalt comes to terms with this and knows that the â€Å"the benign indifference of the universe† (Camus 154) will make everything always return to normal. After his mother dies and he talks to his boss about leaving he realizes that nothing will change, he will come back to work after his leave, and continue with regularly life as if nothing had changed. There might be some small changes but everything would be the same. He talks about death and he knows â€Å"I’d been right, I was still right, I was always right. I’d passed my life in a certain way, and I might have passed it in a different way, if I’d felt like it. †¦ What difference could they make to me, the deaths of others, or a mother’s love, or his God; or the way a man decides to live, the fate he thinks he chooses, since one and the same fate was bound to â€Å"choose† not only me but thousands of millions of privileged people who, like him, called themselves my brothers,† (Camus 151-152) This quote perfectly represents the existential idea of indifference as it Meursalt lives his life in a way that he could he have changed if he wanted to but it would have still been the same old song and dance. Death although it temporarily affects people does not linger, and people eventually move on. Although Meursalt had a strained relationship with his mother and seemed to be apathetic he not only concludes that this applies to him, but to everyone in the world. This epiphany is what largely convinces Meursalt to go live his life as he forms a relationship with Marie and starts to gain some experiences. He still seems to be apathetic as when Marie asks him if he loves her he says no and this relapse is the thought process in which he killed the Arab. These example define the theme of indifference of the universe and how it plays a large factor on how people decide to live their life. Existentialism ideas pop in and out of our lives very often and control the way people think. Albert Camus played upon these themes and put them into text to help us read and truly comprehend them. Free choice, responsibility, and indifference are all around us, and although some may be more important than others they still help keep our id in balance (Sigmund Freud). Free choice is our conscious mind and what is the most important thing to us, especially as Americans. Free choice is our input to society, whether be good. Responsibility helps keep free choice in check, as all actions have a cause and effect. Indifference of the world has a subliminal input in our lives that may not be shown in everyday life but at certain parts of life. These three ideas are large parts of our lives and how we choose to live it every single day.

Psychometrics Validty and elaiability

Contents Introduction The selection of employees is one of the most significant tasks a human resources practitioner Is faced with. This affects the flow of employees entering and exiting the firm. Many Issues may arise If the recruiting process Is not In accordance with the South African Legislation, namely the Employment equity act and the labor relations act, which governs the reliability validity, bias and fairness of psychometric assessment measures.These legislations have been brought about to protect employees against discrimination and unfair practices which were experienced urine the previous dispensations. In accordance to the terms of the provisions of Section 8 of the Employment Equity Act (55 of 1998) â€Å"Psychological testing and other similar assessments of an employee are prohibited unless the test or assessment being used (a) has been scientifically shown to be valid and reliable; (b) can be applied fairly to all employees; and (c) is not biased against any emplo yee or group†.The psychological measuring instrument we have chosen in accordance with HAPS is the PAIL B. The Ability Processing of Information and Learning Battery (PAIL-B) will e critically evaluated within this essay. This psychometric assessments battery can therefore assist recruiters who use these measures to identify employees who have the potential to grow and learn with In organizations.Furthermore It should be noted that the PAIL B Is a cognitive measure and Is not only used for recruitment and selection in organizations, but can also be used for selection into schools, universities and other areas. Hence, this essay will report the PAIL B through the following headings namely evaluating the PAIL B, Composition of the PAIL B, Validity, Reliability, Bias and Limitations.Evaluating the PAIL B According to Foxtrot and Rood (201 3), It Is an assessment practitioner's duty to evaluate the Information offered about a measure and determine whether it Is valid and reliable for its intended purpose. Foxtrot and Rood (2013), further state that for evaluating a measure, some of the things that an assessment practitioner should consider are: how long ago it was developed; quality of manual contents; clarity of instructions and cultural appropriateness.First conceptualized in 1994 by T. R Taylor, the PAIL B – Ability, Processing of Information and Learning Battery- (Taylor, n. . ), was designed as a set of tests with the purpose of assessing ones vital cognitive capableness. In order for the assessment to be most effective It should be administered on individuals with individuals with a minimum of twelve years educational background (Taylor, n. D. ).The PAIL B is ideal for identifying those who are likely to master new cognitively challenging content in a training context and establishing levels in order to place people in the correct positions. Taylor (n. D. ), has identified three norms that the PAIL B makes use of, namely: stained (scale of 1 â⠂¬â€œ 9) ; tens are used in the Flexibility-Accuracy-speed Tests (FAST), stained are used in the concept formation test; the memory test and Knowledge transfer test while percentiles are used in the curve of learning test.According to Taylor (n. D. ), the PAIL B is divided into five test booklets and two ancillary booklets which make up eight scores namely: Abstract thinking; Speed of information processing; accuracy of information processing; cognitive flexibility; Performance gain in a learning task; final level of proficiency; Memory and understanding and Transfer of knowledge, which ill take approximately three hours and forty five minutes to administer.Composition PAIL Battery Concept formation test This test was designed to assess one's ability to â€Å"think abstractly and conceptually: to form abstract concepts, reason hypothetically, theories, build scenarios (and) trace causes† (Taylor, p. 4, n. D. ). The test is comprised of thirty questions; each consisting of six depictions of similar nature the test taker must identify the depiction that does not share a characteristic that the rest of the depictions share (Taylor, n. D. ). Flexibility-Accuracy-speed Tests (FAST) Taylor (n. D. Suggests that â€Å"this battery within a battery measures speed (quickness) and accuracy of information processing, and cognitive flexibility'. The FAST test is made up of four individual assessments namely: Series; Mirror image; Transformations and combined tests. All four assessments are time sensitive and have been designed in such a way that it is very rare for a test taker to actually complete the entire assessment. It uses shapes of different sizes which may contain either a dot or line in the center. The basic idea of the tests is to identify a pattern and find the omitted depiction.Curve of learning According to Taylor (n. D. ), this test focuses on a learning potential, it aims to assess ones capacity at which they are able to master new skills. It looks a t future achievement potential rather than the abilities that the person already has. The test is split into four timed sessions which requires the test taker to decode a series of paired images into another set of images and once again decode these images to a set of words. Images are decoded with the aid of the first ancillary booklet, the dictionary.Memory test Directly after the test taker has completed the curve of learning test, the memory test s administered. It follows the same concept as the curve of learning where the test takers are required to decode images to words; however the dictionary is now taken away. The performance of the test taker on this test reflects the extent to which the test taker has understood the logical relation between the symbols and words. Knowledge transfer test According to Ferguson (1956, as cited in Taylor, n. D. ), transferring knowledge and skills to similar areas or situations is a vital process of cognitive development.The knowledge transf er test, as the name suggests, measures this ability. The test insists of a series of connected depictions referred to as â€Å"pieces of equipment† (Taylor, p. 19, n. D. ), which have a specific feature in addition to a basic shape. The test taker is required to categorize them under symbols. Test takers are also given the second ancillary booklet. Validity established to ensure that the test is valid for the purpose it is to be used for. Foxtrot and Rood (2013) state that the â€Å"the validity of a measure concerns what the test measures and how well it does so†.In the studies consulted it has been evident that construct and criterion validity were shown to be present in the PAIL B assessment. The construct validity of a measure is the extent to which it measures the theoretical construct or trait that it is supposed to measure (Foxtrot & Rood 2013). The second validation measure of criterion validity was defined by Paella and Wren (2005) who stated that â€Å"Crit erion-Related Validity is used to predict future or current performance†. The method that used to determine criterion related validity is predictive validity.Murphy and Adversaries (2005) define predictive validity as a method of determining criterion validity. It also used to determine the correlation of test takers test score and there criterion related scores. Taylor (1995) investigated the validity on the SOFT, where he gave the measure to 33 first-year university students who had been accepted into the university on merits other than their grade twelve results. Taylor correlated the marks from their SOFT assessments and the marks of the course they took; which were to improve their logical thinking and reasoning skills. Therefore the correlation was 0. 4 (p = 0. 012). Taylor (1995, as cited in Astrakhan, 1998) found in another study which investigated the validity on the Curve of Learning and Memory and Understanding tests was inducted using a sample of 110 workers from a beverage manufacturing firm. The criteria for evaluating workers included facets such as their capacity to learn new procedures and concepts, to understand why things happen in the firm as a whole, and their capacity to plan and organism. These results averaged correlations of 0. 35. The low correlation can be attributed to the fact that a diverse sample was not used.A further study by Taylor (1995) found criterion scores which was given to 43 employees who were enrolled in a course designed to prepare them for a promotion in Junior management positions. The correlations here were reported to be 0. 67 and 0. 79 respectively, which can be interrupted to prove to be an recreate predictor of performance. In an additional study conducted by Lopes, Rood and Maier (2001) on the predictive validity of the PAIL-B in a financial institution; the purpose was to assess the predictive validity of the PAIL test battery, in order to identify learning potential.A sample of 235 successful Job appl icants were used to complete the test battery and found the predictive validity of the test battery was assessed using a canonical discriminate analysis procedure. The procedure was adopted in view of the nominal strength of the manager's ratings, and due to the limited sample size the 5 point rating scale was eventually collapsed too 2 point classification. Reliability It should be noted that an assessment is reliable if it measures the same construct in a consistent and precise manner over time.Foxtrot and Rood (2009) define reliability of a measure as â€Å"the consistency to which it measures whatever it measures†. Split – half reliability was a major psychometric property of reliability used among majority of the literature we consulted. In the PAIL B, (Taylor 1995) elucidates that split half reliability was used to investigate whether or not the PAIL-B is reliable. Foxtrot and Rood (2013, p. 47) define split-half reliability as â€Å"obtained by splitting the me asure into two equivalents (after a single administration of the test) and computing the correlation coefficient between these two sets of scores†.During Taylor' investigations into the reliability of the PAIL B, he used a sample of six groups to test reliability coefficient of the flexibility, accuracy and speed test and the knowledge transfer test. These have reliability coefficients room a low of 0. 70 – too high of 0. 86 and 0. 71 – 0. 84 respectively Taylor (1995). In a study done by the defense force which lasted over a period of three years with new recruits. The purpose was to determine whether the psychometric evaluation processes can reliably predict the learning potential of first year recruits at the academy.The FAST considered the following; firstly, the PAIL B investigated whether the FAST has a positive effect on how quickly recruits learn new abilities. It was found that a significant relationship with a reliability coefficient of (r=O,491) exists between legibility of information processing and steepness of the learning curve. This therefore is below the accepted reliability coefficient of Secondly, it was found that a strong relationship with a reliability coefficient of is apparent between speed of information processing and the total amount of work completed by the recruits.Lastly, it was determined that the small relationship with a reliability coefficient of exists between accuracy of information processing and steepness of the learning curve. This therefore is below the accepted reliability coefficient of However, the results concluded that three components of the FAST, are accurate in predicting how quickly new recruits in the defense force will develop new competencies. The findings also further indicated that the accuracy with which information is processed has a minimal influence on the rate a recruit will develop new competencies (Preterits 2010).In terms of the knowledge transfer test which investigated if there was a transfer of knowledge to crystallized abilities. Meaning it investigated if there was a transfer of what the recruits learnt and how they apply it in combat situations. Preterits (2010) defines crystallized abilities as â€Å"are peccadillo insight or understanding and knowledge that emerge via transfer from existing knowledge and that is subsequently, successfully stored in memory'. The Memory and Understanding sub-test of the PAIL-B was used to measure crystallized ability of recruits.It was found that a positive relationship exists between the transferring of knowledge in what the recruit learnt and crystallized abilities. The reliability coefficient was reported as a positive directional relationship between transfer of knowledge and crystallized abilities. A substantial relationship with a liability coefficient of 5) exists between memory and understanding and crystallized abilities. This therefore suggests that a moderate correlation exists.In terms of the curve of lea rning, it was found that prior learning has a positive directional effect on learning performance thus the results indicate a substantial relationship and moderate correlation with a reliability coefficient of In concluding with this study, it can be said that the defense force's use of the PAIL B (Preterits 2010). A De Geode and Thereon (2010) study concurred with Preterits (2010) where a non- arability sample of 434 new recruits from the South African Police Service Training College in Philipp, Cape Town was used.Even though the size of the selected sample is quite acceptable, making use of a non-probability sampling of the target population, caution should be taken when making generalizations. De Geode and Thereon (2010), found that a score of reliability score of (r= 0. 45). This suggests that a question mark hangs over the success with which at least some of the concealed variables comprising the results of the learning potential police recruits. Standard Error of Measurement F oxtrot and Rood (2013, p. 49), â€Å"explain that the standard error of measurement indicates the band of error around each obtained score, and examiners should aware of the standard error of measurement for each subtest before interpreting the test – takers score†. Therefore, assessors must be cognizant of the test takers history and current circumstances. Factors such as culture, transient conditions, prior learning and test wishes can have an impact on the variance between the true score (obtained under perfect conditions) and the obtained score.Preterits (2010) outlines hat prior learning of an individual and their familiarity with taking assessment has a significant impact on their ability to perform in test conditions. While Dodos (2000) was of the view that a testes culture as well as environmental factors will also affect the scores of the historically disadvantaged people of South Africa. Bias Prior (2011) explains that bias â€Å"implies that test scores obt ained for various subgroups of a given population cannot be interpreted in the same way across the groups†.Taylor (1995) suggests PAIL-B was designed as a learning potential test and therefore emits any biased based on cultural differences. This is a result of the test being a non-verbal test, except for the instructions, and the test comprises of mainly geometric depictions thus language does not become an issue of concern. Astrakhan (2008) concurs with Taylor (1995) in a study conducted with a sample of 400 individuals, 66 testes had African surnames while the large majority can be classified as white.The data analysis for both race groups were highly correlated indicating that there is no potential for bias. However, it should be kept in mind that his was not a representative sample. Further studies were consulted to investigate the potential bias in the PAIL B. A sample of 20 psychological professionals from various fields, were asked to investigate the cultural bias of th e PAIL-B; found that 6 out of the 20 felt that the test was bias (Dodos 2000). Thus, it can be stated that there is a potential for bias based on one's culture.Similarly, Preterits (2010) concurs with Dodos as he found that the PAIL B was accused of being biased and under representing the cognitive capacity of individuals from historically disadvantaged backgrounds. Thus, in order to bring recruitment practices in line with legislation in the Employment Equity act, these tests was subsequently replaced with a selection battery thought to be less susceptible to culture, race and gender bias. This resulted in the measure being removed from use in the context of the defense force.Limitations of the PAIL B diverse enough for the representative target population. This is further verified by Astrakhan (2008), who also did not make use of a diverse sample. Therefore based on the literature from these authors, it is evident that accurate conclusions cannot be ran indicating that there are l imitations in the above studies. Conclusion In the end the results show that, the PAIL-B is able to predict the performance of individuals not only in certain institutions but for any selection at an accurate level and therefore makes the battery a vital instrument to use.It is evident that the PAIL- B is a somewhat outdated measure but still proves to be valid and reliable in measuring cognitive abilities today. However, caution could be taken when administering the PAIL-B, as some authors have found that bias is present in historically disadvantaged groups. This essay therefore reported on the PAIL B through evaluation of the PAIL B, Composition of the PAIL B, Validity, Reliability, Bias and Limitations. Recommendations Firstly, it should be noted that the PAIL B is an outdated selection battery.In order for organizations to make fair decisions in line with the Employment Equity Act, a more relevant battery needs to be considered. Secondly, it should also not be used in its indivi dual capacity within the recruitment and selection process and is it advisable to be used in harmony with other valid information such as candidates' curriculum it's and other test results. Thirdly, the use of the PAIL can be considered bias in instances where people from different cultures and race groups are affected.In addition, Astrakhan (2008), De Geode and Thereon (2010), should make use of a more representative sample in order to draw conclusions about the reliability of their studies. Lastly, we also propose that measures within the battery not require such strict prior learning criteria as these have been shown to bias the historically disadvantaged individuals who have not had exposure to prior learning. Reference List psychometric test administrators toward the PAIL B as a culture fair assessment with special reference to the employment equity act.